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　Eat to Live

　　A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it's not much fun—and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to1 most of that youthful vigor even if we don't start to diet until old age.

　　Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse's liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won't reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins2.

　　Spindler's team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old—equivalent to about 70 human years.

　　The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production4—probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.

　　“This is the first indication that thee effects kick in5 pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.

　　No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “There's attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.

　　If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.

　　But Spindler isn't sure the trade-off is worth it6. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but they're hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it's still hard to go to a restaurant and say: 'I can only eat half of that'.”

　　Spindler hopes we soon won't need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.

　　词汇：

　　meager ['mi:ɡə(r)] adj. 不足的

　　youthful [''ju:θful] adj. 有青春活力的

　　vigor ['vɪɡə(r)] n. 精力，活力

　　metabolize [mə'tæbəlaiz] vt. 使(一种物质)进入新陈代谢过程

　　genetic [dӡɪ'netɪk] adj. 基因的

　　rejuvenation [ri͵dӡu:və'nei∫ən] n. 恢复活力，返老还童

　　liver ['livə] n. 肝脏

　　toxin ['tɔksin] n. 毒素

　　ration ['ræ∫ən] n. 定量

　　calorie ['kæləri] n. 卡 (热量的单位)

　　inflammation [͵inflə'mei∫ən] n. 炎症，发炎

　　trade-off n. 交换，交易

　　rejuvenate [ri'dӡu:vineit] vt. 使恢复活力

　　注释：

　　1. hang on to : 继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting – it might be worth a lot of money one day. 你应该继续保留那幅画，或许有一天它会值很多钱。

　　2. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. 老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏带血药物或除去毒素。 other damager caused by time 岁月造成的其他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。Metabolize drugs:代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。 get rid of :摆脱，除去。

　　3. half-rations 和 half-feed: 都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量(normal diet)的一半”。

　　4. free radical production：指“(有机体组织、器官等的)无限激增”。

　　5. kick in ：意为“开始起作用”。如：We’re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in ：我们还在等着空调开始起作用。

　　6.be worth it ： 意为“值得，有益”。例如：They are expensive, but they are worth it. 那些东西很贵，但划得来。

　　练习：

　　1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

　　A. Eating less than usual might make us live longer.

　　B. If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.

　　C. Dieting might not be needed.

　　D. We have to begin dieting from childhood.

　　2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?

　　A. To describe the influence of old age on mice.

　　B. To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.

　　C. To tell us how mice’s liver genes behave.

　　D. To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.

　　3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?

　　A. They will not experience free radical production.

　　B. They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.

　　C. They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.

　　D. They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.

　　4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?

　　A. The mice that started dieting in old age.

　　B. 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.

　　C. Calorie restriction that works in people.

　　D. Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.

　　5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that

　　A. calorie restriction is very important to young people

　　B. seeing the effect of a diet, people will eat less than normal.

　　C. dieting is not a good method to give us health and a long life.

　　D. drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.

　　答案与题解：

　　1. D 第一段第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就开始节食”是错误的，D是答案。

　　2. B 第二段体积“一只高龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它仅是，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题。

　　3. D 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关”，因此，D正确。

　　4. A 第四段最后一个句子讲“但最惊人的发现时那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。

　　5. C 文章的最后两段谈及Spindler 对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。其次，他希望在不久的将来，我们不必解释。所以我们可以退职，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。

　　译文：

　　为了活着吃饭

　　节食可能使你健康长寿，但并不好玩——节食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力。

　　StephenSpindler和他在Riverside的加利福尼亚大学的同事们已经发现，一只高龄老鼠只要连续四周限制它进食，它的某些肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力，老鼠的肝基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。

　　Spindler的团队正常饲养三只老鼠直到它们死，而另外三只老鼠只喂正常饲料定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34个月大的时候——相当于人的70岁，从正常饲养转到半量饲养一个月。

　　研究者检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11000个基因的活动，发现正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因发生变化。这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关——这大概对老鼠的健康来说是个坏消息。在那些终生节食的老鼠中，这46条肝脏基因中的27条继续像年轻的基因一样活动，但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益。

　　华盛顿附近的国家老年协会的HuberWarner说：“这是这些影响迅速起作用的第一个迹象。”

　　还没有知道热量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一样起作用，但是Spindler怀有希望。他说：“有吸引人的证据表明它能起作用。”

　　如果它确实能在人身上起作用，那就有足够的理由使肝脏焕发青春秋战国。当我们变老时，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢就不那么高效。Spindler说短期的节食足以使药物充分发挥药效。

　　但是Spindler不能肯定节食是否值得。他说：“老鼠们病少了，活的更长，但是它们感到饥饿。即便明白节食的作用，仍旧很难在饭馆里说我只吃一半。”

　　Spindler希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食，他的公司，加利福尼亚寿命遗传学，正在寻找有热量控制作用的药物。

小编：二月